Nephrolithiasis Drill
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📖 Reference
Select a Module
📸 Visual Identification
Identify stones from images
🔬 Microscopic Description
Match descriptions to crystals
🏥 Clinical Data
pH, Radiopacity, Frequency
🧠 Mnemonics & Tips
Memory aids and associations
🚀 Exhaustive Mode
All questions mixed together
Session History
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Reference Material
Table: Nephrolithiasis
Content
Frequency
Radiograph Opacity
pH
Microscopic Appearance
Calcium oxalate
70%–80%
↑↑
--
Octahedron (square with an "X" in the center)
Calcium phosphate
70%–80%
↑↑
>7.0
• Elongated, wedge-shaped
• Forms rosettes
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
(struvite or triple phosphate)
15%
↑
>7.0
Rectangular prism ("coffin lids")
Uric acid
5%
—
<7.0
Yellow or red-brown, diamond or rhombus
Cystine
1%
↑
<7.0
Flat, yellow,
hexagonal
Mnemonics & Tips
Calcium Oxalate:
"Envelope" shape / "X" in box. Most common (70-80%).
Struvite (MAP):
"Coffin lids". Associated with urease + bugs (*Proteus*). Alkaline pH (>7.0).
Uric Acid:
Radiolucent (invisible on X-ray). Acidic pH. Rhomboid/Diamond.
Cystine:
"SIXtine" = Hexagonal (6 sides). Acidic pH. Rare (1%).