| Sulfonylureas / Meglitinides | ↑ Insulin secretion by inhibiting β-cell KATP channels | Hypoglycemia, Weight gain |
| Metformin | Stimulate AMPK & inhibit mitochondrial gluconeogenesis, ↓ hepatic glucose production & ↑ peripheral glucose uptake | Diarrhea, Lactic acidosis, Mild weight loss |
| Pioglitazone (TZDs) | Activate transcription regulator PPAR-γ, ↓ insulin resistance | Fluid retention/heart failure, Weight gain |
| Exenatide / Liraglutide | ↑ Glucose-dependent insulin secretion, ↓ glucagon secretion, delayed gastric emptying | Pancreatitis, Weight loss |
| Sitagliptin / Saxagliptin | ↑ Endogenous GLP-1 & GIP levels | Nasopharyngitis |
| Canagliflozin / Dapagliflozin | ↑ Renal glucose excretion | Urinary tract infections, Hypotension, Weight loss |