44 Questions on Functions, Mechanisms, Tumors, and Categories.
21 Questions on Chemicals, Viruses, Radiation, and Comments.
24 Questions on Benign/Malignant, Differentiation, and IHC Stains.
All 89 questions in one session.
| Category | Oncogene | Function | Mechanism | Associated Tumor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GROWTH FACTOR | PDGFB | Platelet-derived growth factor | Overexpression, autocrine loop | Astrocytoma |
| GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS | ERBB2 [HER2/neu] | Epidermal growth factor receptor | Amplification | Subset of breast carcinomas |
| RET | Neural growth factor receptor | Point mutation | MEN 2A, MEN 2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid | |
| KIT | Stem cell growth factor receptor | Point mutation | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | |
| SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS | RAS gene family | GTP-binding protein | Point mutation | Carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma |
| ABL | Tyrosine kinase | t(9;22) with BCR | CML and some types of ALL | |
| NUCLEAR REGULATORS | c-MYC | Transcription factor | t(8;14) involving IgH | Burkitt lymphoma |
| N-MYC | Transcription factor | Amplification | Neuroblastoma | |
| L-MYC | Transcription factor | Amplification | Lung carcinoma (small cell) | |
| CELL CYCLE REGULATORS | CCND1 (cyclin D1) | Cyclin | t(11;14) involving IgH | Mantle cell lymphoma |
| CDK4 | Cyclin-dependent kinase | Amplification | Melanoma |
| Category | Agent | Associated Cancer | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHEMICALS | Aflatoxins | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored rice and grains |
| Alkylating agents | Leukemia/lymphoma | Side effect of chemotherapy | |
| Alcohol | Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
| Arsenic | Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver | Arsenic is present in cigarette smoke. | |
| Asbestos | Lung carcinoma and mesothelioma | Exposure to asbestos is more likely to lead to lung cancer than mesothelioma. | |
| Cigarette smoke | Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, and pancreas | Most common carcinogen worldwide; polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogenic. | |
| Nitrosamines | Stomach carcinoma | Found in smoked foods; responsible for high rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan | |
| Naphthylamine | Urothelial carcinoma of bladder | Derived from cigarette smoke | |
| Vinyl chloride | Angiosarcoma of liver | Occupational exposure; used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in pipes | |
| Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica | Lung carcinoma | Occupational exposure | |
| ONCOGENIC VIRUSES | EBV | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma in AIDS | |
| HHV-8 | Kaposi sarcoma | ||
| HBV and HCV | Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
| HTLV-1 | Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma | ||
| High-risk HPV (e.g., subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33) | Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinoma of cervix | ||
| RADIATION | Ionizing (nuclear reactor accidents and radiotherapy) | AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid | Generates hydroxyl free radicals |
| Nonionizing (UVB sunlight is most common source) | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma of skin | Results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease |
| Lineage | Benign | Malignant |
|---|---|---|
| Epithelium | Adenoma, Papilloma | Adenocarcinoma, Papillary carcinoma |
| Mesenchyme | Lipoma | Liposarcoma |
| Lymphocyte | (Does not exist) | Lymphoma/Leukemia |
| Melanocyte | Nevus (mole) | Melanoma |
| Stain | Target Tissue |
|---|---|
| Keratin | Epithelium |
| Vimentin | Mesenchyme |
| Desmin | Muscle |
| GFAP | Neuroglia |
| Neurofilament | Neurons |
| PSA | Prostatic epithelium |
| ER | Breast epithelium |
| Thyroglobulin | Thyroid follicular cells |
| Chromogranin | Neuroendocrine cells |
| S-100 | Melanoma, Schwannoma, Langerhans |